Nestled in the heart of Southern Bohemia, Český Krumlov is a picturesque town that seems straight out of a fairy tale. With its meandering streets, charming Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque architecture, and the serene flow of the Vltava River, this UNESCO World Heritage Site offers visitors a journey back in time. Renowned for its enchanting beauty, the town is a magnet for history enthusiasts, art lovers, and those simply seeking a peaceful escape. At the heart of Český Krumlov lies the Český Krumlov Castle, one of the largest castle complexes in Central Europe, whose origins date back to the 13th century. 

The castle was initially constructed by the Vítkovci family, a powerful noble dynasty in Bohemia, who ruled the area until their line ended in 1302. The Vítkovci line, the original founders of Český Krumlov Castle, came to an end due to a combination of internal conflicts, political intrigue, and succession issues. The Vítkovci family, also known as the Lords of Krumlov, were a prominent South Bohemian noble house with significant influence during the early medieval period. However, their power began to decline in the late 13th century, ultimately leading to the extinction of their main branch.

One of the key reasons for the fall of the Vítkovci was internal family disputes. Like many medieval noble families, the Vítkovci often faced power struggles between family members over land, titles, and influence. These conflicts weakened the unity of the family, making them vulnerable to external pressures. Additionally, as the Kingdom of Bohemia centralized under the rule of the Přemyslid dynasty, families like the Vítkovci faced challenges to their autonomy, leading to further tensions.
Another significant factor was the lack of a direct male heir in the main branch of the family. The extinction of the male line meant that their estates, including Český Krumlov, needed to be transferred to relatives or other noble houses. This situation was compounded by their growing debts and waning political clout, which made it difficult for the family to maintain their dominance in the region.
In 1302, the Vítkovci line officially ended when the last male member of the family died without an heir. Their extensive holdings, including Český Krumlov Castle, were inherited by the Rosenberg family, who were closely related to the Vítkovci through marriage. This transfer of power marked the beginning of a new chapter for Český Krumlov, as the Rosenbergs transformed it into a cultural and economic center of Southern Bohemia. As one of the most powerful noble families in Bohemia, the Rosenbergs not only maintained but significantly enhanced the castle’s stature, transforming it from a medieval fortress into a symbol of Renaissance grandeur and cultural sophistication. Their ownership marked a golden age for both the castle and the surrounding region.

Oldřich II of Rosenberg, who governed in the 15th century, played a pivotal role in fortifying the family’s power. During his time, the Rosenbergs became staunch supporters of Catholicism, often opposing the Hussite movement that had gained traction in Bohemia. The castle itself became a bastion of Catholicism, and Oldřich II’s political alliances helped the Rosenbergs secure their dominance in the region.
The Renaissance era saw the peak of Rosenberg influence under Vilém of Rosenberg, who ruled from 1532 to 1592. Vilém was a celebrated patron of the arts and a shrewd diplomat, serving as the Supreme Burgrave of Prague under Emperor Rudolf II. Under Vilém’s direction, Český Krumlov Castle underwent extensive Renaissance-style renovations. He commissioned Italian architects and artists to adorn the castle with elegant frescoes, intricate stuccoes, and grand halls. The Cloak Bridge, a multi-level architectural masterpiece, was constructed during this time, linking the castle’s residential and garden areas.
Vilém’s court became a hub of intellectual and artistic activity, attracting scholars, musicians, and craftsmen from across Europe. The Rosenbergs hosted lavish banquets and tournaments at the castle, solidifying their reputation as one of the most sophisticated families of their era. This period also saw the development of the castle gardens, which were designed to rival those of royal courts elsewhere in Europe.
The final chapter of Rosenberg ownership came with Petr Vok of Rosenberg, Vilém’s younger brother and the last male heir of the family. Petr Vok was a fascinating figure—an enlightened ruler, a lover of the arts, and a man of deep personal contradictions. Known for his progressive policies, including religious tolerance, he was highly respected by both his peers and subjects. However, the Rosenbergs’ wealth had been declining for decades due to costly renovations, extravagant lifestyles, and their involvement in regional conflicts.

By the time of Petr Vok’s rule, the family faced mounting financial difficulties. In 1602, Petr Vok was forced to sell Český Krumlov Castle to Emperor Rudolf II of the Habsburg dynasty to settle the family’s debts. This marked the end of nearly 300 years of Rosenberg ownership and the conclusion of the family’s dominance in Bohemia. Petr Vok himself retired to Třeboň, where he passed away in 1611, leaving no heirs to continue the Rosenberg legacy.
Despite their decline, the Rosenbergs left an indelible mark on Český Krumlov. Their architectural and cultural contributions remain evident in the castle’s design, the town’s layout, and the many artistic treasures they commissioned. The red five-petalled rose, the emblem of the Rosenberg family, continues to be a symbol of Český Krumlov and a testament to the enduring legacy of this influential dynasty.